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sea ice thickness
Sea ice thickness spatial extent, and open water within ice packs can vary rapidly in response to weather and climate.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=State of the Cryosphere, Sea Ice )〕 Sea ice concentration are measured by satellites, with the Special Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder (SSMIS), and the ''European Space Agency's'' Cryosat-2 satellite to map the thickness and shape of the Earth's polar ice cover.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=NSDIC )〕 The sea ice volume is calculated with the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS), which blends satellite-observed data, such as sea ice concentrations into model calculations to estimate sea ice thickness and volume. Sea ice thickness determines a number of important fluxes such as heat flux between the air and ocean surface—see below—as well as salt and fresh water fluxes between the ocean since saline water ejects much of its salt content when frozen—see sea ice growth processes. It is also important for navigators on icebreakers since there is an upper limit to the thickness of ice any ship can sail through.
==Measurement==
Ice thickness can be measured in various ways, directly by taking an ice core and measuring it or more efficient with satellite measurements. Measurements of ice depth below the waterline (or draft) by submarine sonar or radar systems can give good estimates of ice thickness provided there isn't too much snow (which is less dense than ice) on top.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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